Journal: Journal of Fungi

Article Title: Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends

doi: 10.3390/jof8080776

Figure Lengend Snippet: Phylogenetic analysis of the main members of medical relevance in the genus Sporothrix using sequences from the partial calmodulin-encoding gene (exons 3–5) and the ITS region (ITS1/2+5.8s). In the clinical clade, S. brasiliensis is highly virulent for the warm-blooded vertebrate host, followed by S. schenckii , S. globosa , and S. luriei . In the environmental clade, S. chilensis , S. humicola , S. mexicana , and S. pallida are occasional pathogens with mild-pathogenic potential to mammals. Sporothrix phasma , a species with no virulence to mammals, was used as an outgroup in the phylogenetic analysis. Numbers close to the branches represent bootstraps values (ML/NJ).

Article Snippet: We considered promising compounds with MIC against Sporothrix species less or equal to 4 μg/mL or 1 μM, as determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols [ , ].

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Fungi

Article Title: Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends

doi: 10.3390/jof8080776

Figure Lengend Snippet: The molecular diagnosis of sporotrichosis relies on PCR. ( A ) Species-specific PCR is a fast and inexpensive method that combines conventional PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis to detect Sporothrix DNA, mainly in vitro culture samples . Eventually, species-specific PCR is used for detection from clinical samples . Although it has great specificity, the method has low sensitivity (up to 10–100 fg of DNA). ( B ) For the rapid and accurate diagnosis of human and feline sporotrichosis, a multiplex qPCR assay was developed for the simultaneous detection and speciation of S. brasiliensis , S. schenckii , and S. globosa from cultured DNA and clinical samples (up to 3 copies of the target) . Ss54 = S. brasiliensis ; Ss118 = S. schenckii ; Ss06 = S. globosa .

Article Snippet: We considered promising compounds with MIC against Sporothrix species less or equal to 4 μg/mL or 1 μM, as determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols [ , ].

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, In Vitro, Multiplex Assay, Cell Culture

Journal: Journal of Fungi

Article Title: Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends

doi: 10.3390/jof8080776

Figure Lengend Snippet: The main antifungal agents used in treating sporotrichosis and their cellular targets are depicted. Azoles (e.g., itraconazole) and allylamines (e.g., terbinafine) are fungistatic drugs that slow fungal growth; the azoles by inhibiting cytochrome P-450-dependent synthesis of ergosterol (purple chart: sterol biosynthesis pathway) and the allylamines by competitive inhibition of squalene epoxidase, blocking the conversion of squalene to lanosterol. Amphotericin B is a fungicidal drug whose main target is the ergosterol molecule, producing pores in the plasma membrane (1), leading to the leakage of cytoplasmic material, sequestering (2), absorbing or extracting ergosterol from the membrane (4). Oxidative damage is reported as an alternative mode of action of AmB (3). The main adaptation that can lead to resistance in Sporothrix species is the increased expression of efflux pumps, especially to azoles, although other mechanisms may be involved. The illustration was partially based on Servier Medical Art elements and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ROS: reactive oxygen species.

Article Snippet: We considered promising compounds with MIC against Sporothrix species less or equal to 4 μg/mL or 1 μM, as determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols [ , ].

Techniques: Inhibition, Blocking Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Membrane, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Fungi

Article Title: Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends

doi: 10.3390/jof8080776

Figure Lengend Snippet: New compounds, natural products, and repositionable drugs exhibited promising activity against Sporothrix spp. in the last ten years.

Article Snippet: We considered promising compounds with MIC against Sporothrix species less or equal to 4 μg/mL or 1 μM, as determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols [ , ].

Techniques: Activity Assay, Concentration Assay, Inhibition, Membrane, Disruption